What Does Article 6:96 of the Dutch Civil Code Say?
Article 6:96 of the Dutch Civil Code defines pecuniary loss as both loss suffered and profit forgone. It adds three kinds of reasonable costs that are recoverable as pecuniary loss: costs of preventing or limiting damage, costs of establishing damage and liability, and costs of obtaining payment out of court. Paragraphs 4 to 8 contain special rules on extrajudicial collection costs.
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What Is the Text of Article 6:96?
English translation (unofficial, by the Dutch Law Institute):
1 Pecuniary loss comprises both loss suffered and profit forgone.
2 The following also qualify for compensation as pecuniary loss:
- a. reasonable costs of preventing or limiting damage that could be expected as a consequence of the event on which the liability is based;
- b. reasonable costs of establishing the damage and liability;
- c. reasonable costs of obtaining payment out of court.
3 Paragraph 2(b) and (c) does not apply to the extent that, in the case at hand, the rules on the costs of proceedings apply by virtue of Article 241 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
4 In the case of a commercial contract as referred to in Article 119a(1) or Article 119b(1), the compensation for the costs referred to in paragraph 2(c) amounts to at least 40 euros. This amount is due without a reminder from the day following the day on which the statutory or agreed final date for payment has passed. This may not be derogated from to the detriment of the creditor.
5 Further rules on the compensation of costs as referred to in paragraph 2(c) are laid down by order in council. These rules may not be derogated from to the detriment of the debtor if the debtor is a natural person not acting in the course of a profession or business. In that case the first sentence of Article 241 of the Code of Civil Procedure does not apply.
6 Where the debtor is a natural person not acting in the course of a profession or business, the compensation under the further rules can only become due after the debtor, once in default as referred to in Article 81, has without result been reminded to pay within a period of fourteen days starting on the day after the reminder, with a statement of the consequences of non-payment, including the compensation claimed in accordance with the further rules.
7 If a creditor can send a debtor a reminder as referred to in paragraph 6 for more than one claim, this must be done in a single reminder. For the calculation of the compensation, the principal sums of these claims are added together.
8 If instalment payments are due under the same legal relationship and a reminder as referred to in paragraph 6 is sent for an instalment payment for which the lowest compensation applies under the order in council referred to in paragraph 5, then, for the calculation of the compensation from the day of the reminder, account is taken of one or more reminders for instalment payments that remained wholly or partly unpaid in the six months preceding the day of the reminder.
Dutch text (Burgerlijk Wetboek Book 6, article 96):
1 Vermogensschade omvat zowel geleden verlies als gederfde winst.
2 Als vermogensschade komen mede voor vergoeding in aanmerking:
- a. redelijke kosten ter voorkoming of beperking van schade die als gevolg van de gebeurtenis waarop de aansprakelijkheid berust, mocht worden verwacht;
- b. redelijke kosten ter vaststelling van schade en aansprakelijkheid;
- c. redelijke kosten ter verkrijging van voldoening buiten rechte.
3 Lid 2 onder b en c is niet van toepassing voor zover in het gegeven geval krachtens artikel 241 van het Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering de regels betreffende de proceskosten van toepassing zijn.
4 In geval van een handelsovereenkomst als bedoeld in artikel 119a lid 1 of artikel 119b lid 1 bestaat de vergoeding van kosten bedoeld in lid 2 onder c uit ten minste een bedrag van 40 euro. Dit bedrag is zonder aanmaning verschuldigd vanaf de dag volgende op de dag waarop de wettelijke of overeengekomen uiterste dag van betaling is verstreken. Hiervan kan niet ten nadele van de schuldeiser worden afgeweken.
5 Bij algemene maatregel van bestuur worden nadere regels gesteld voor de vergoeding van kosten als bedoeld in lid 2 onder c. Van deze regels kan niet ten nadele van de schuldenaar worden afgeweken indien de schuldenaar een natuurlijk persoon is, die niet handelt in de uitoefening van een beroep of bedrijf. In dit geval mist artikel 241, eerste volzin, van het Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering toepassing .
6 De vergoeding volgens de nadere regels kan indien de schuldenaar een natuurlijk persoon is, die niet handelt in de uitoefening van een beroep of bedrijf, eerst verschuldigd worden nadat de schuldenaar na het intreden van het verzuim, bedoeld in artikel 81 , onder vermelding van de gevolgen van het uitblijven van betaling, waaronder de vergoeding die in overeenstemming met de nadere regels wordt gevorderd, vruchteloos is aangemaand tot betaling binnen een termijn van veertien dagen, aanvangende de dag na aanmaning.
7 Indien een schuldenaar voor meer dan een vordering door een schuldeiser kan worden aangemaand als bedoeld in lid 6, dan dient dit in één aanmaning te geschieden. Voor de berekening van de vergoeding worden de hoofdsommen van deze vorderingen bij elkaar opgeteld.
8 Zijn op grond van eenzelfde rechtsverhouding termijnbetalingen verschuldigd en wordt aangemaand als bedoeld in lid 6 voor een termijnbetaling waarvoor op grond van de in lid 5 bedoelde algemene maatregel van bestuur de laagste vergoeding geldt, dan wordt voor de berekening van de vergoeding vanaf de dag dat wordt aangemaand, rekening gehouden met een of meerdere aanmaningen voor termijnbetalingen die geheel of gedeeltelijk onbetaald zijn gebleven in een periode van zes maanden voorafgaand aan de dag van de aanmaning.
Dutch text as in force from 16 July 2026, taken from wetten.overheid.nl, the official source of Dutch legislation. The English translation is not official; in case of doubt the Dutch text prevails.
What Does Article 6:96 of the Dutch Civil Code Cover?
Dutch law distinguishes pecuniary loss (vermogensschade) from other, non-pecuniary loss (ander nadeel). Article 6:95 of the Dutch Civil Code provides that damage to be compensated consists of pecuniary loss and other loss, the latter only to the extent the law confers a right to it. Article 6:96 then fills in what pecuniary loss is.
Paragraph 1 names the two classic heads: loss suffered (geleden verlies), such as repair costs or a reduction in value, and profit forgone (gederfde winst), such as lost turnover. Whether a particular item is recoverable still depends on causation and attribution under Article 6:98 of the Dutch Civil Code.
Which Costs Can Be Claimed as Damage?
Paragraph 2 adds three categories of costs, each subject to a double test of reasonableness: the costs must be reasonable to incur, and reasonable in amount.
- Costs of preventing or limiting damage (paragraph 2(a)) that could be expected as a consequence of the event. A party that acts to limit its loss can recover the reasonable costs of doing so.
- Costs of establishing damage and liability (paragraph 2(b)), such as the costs of an expert report.
- Costs of obtaining payment out of court (paragraph 2(c)), known as extrajudicial collection costs.
Paragraph 3 draws the line with litigation. To the extent that the rules on the costs of proceedings apply under Article 241 of the Dutch Code of Civil Procedure, costs under (b) and (c) are dealt with through the court's costs order rather than as damages. In practice this means that work preparing litigation is compensated through the costs order, while costs of genuine out-of-court steps can be claimed under Article 6:96.
What Are the Rules on Extrajudicial Collection Costs?
Paragraphs 4 to 8 regulate collection costs in detail, with different rules for business and consumer debtors.
Commercial contracts. Under paragraph 4, in a commercial contract within the meaning of Articles 6:119a(1) or 6:119b(1), the creditor is entitled to at least 40 euros in collection costs. That amount is due without any reminder from the day after the payment deadline passes, and a contract cannot reduce it to the creditor's detriment.
Further rules. Paragraph 5 provides for further rules by order in council. These are contained in the Decree on compensation for extrajudicial collection costs (Besluit vergoeding voor buitengerechtelijke incassokosten). For consumer debtors, those rules cannot be departed from to the debtor's detriment.
Consumers: the fourteen-day letter. Under paragraph 6, collection costs under the further rules only become due from a consumer after the consumer, once in default, has been sent a reminder giving fourteen days to pay, starting the day after the reminder, and stating the consequences of non-payment including the costs that will be claimed. Paragraph 7 requires one reminder for several claims, with the principal sums added together. Paragraph 8 contains a special rule for instalment payments.
A creditor that skips the fourteen-day letter to a consumer cannot claim the collection costs under the further rules, however reasonable they are.
How Does Article 6:96 Relate to the Other Damages Articles?
Article 6:96 says what pecuniary loss can include. It does not decide whether a loss is recoverable in a given case. That depends on attribution under Article 6:98 of the Dutch Civil Code, on the assessment of the amount under Article 6:97 of the Dutch Civil Code, on any benefits to be offset under Article 6:100 of the Dutch Civil Code and on any contributory fault under Article 6:101 of the Dutch Civil Code. Non-pecuniary loss is dealt with separately in Article 6:106 of the Dutch Civil Code.
Related Provisions and Guides
Related articles in this library:
- Article 6:97 of the Dutch Civil Code: Assessment and estimation of damages
- Article 6:98 of the Dutch Civil Code: Causation and the scope of liability
- Article 6:100 of the Dutch Civil Code: Offsetting benefits against damage
- Article 6:101 of the Dutch Civil Code: Contributory fault and apportionment
- Article 6:106 of the Dutch Civil Code: Non-pecuniary damage
Further reading on dutch-law.com:
- extrajudicial collection costs in the Netherlands
- debt collection in the Netherlands
- the duty to mitigate under Dutch law
All articles: the Dutch Civil Code in English.