What Does Article 6:177 of the Dutch Civil Code Say?
Article 6:177 of the Dutch Civil Code makes the operator of a mining installation strictly liable for damage caused by an uncontrolled outflow of minerals and by soil movement resulting from the construction or operation of the installation. It also determines which operator is liable when the installation changes hands or is closed, and gives the injured party a right to information.
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What Is the Text of Article 6:177?
English translation (unofficial, by the Dutch Law Institute):
1 The operator of a mining installation as referred to in Article 1, under n, of the Mining Act is liable for the damage caused by:
- a. the outflow of minerals as referred to in Article 1, under a, of the Mining Act as a result of the failure to control the underground natural forces released by the construction or operation of the installation;
- b. movement of the soil as a result of the construction or operation of that installation.
2 In this article, operator of a mining installation means:
- a. the holder of a licence as referred to in Article 6, 24b or 25 of the Mining Act who constructs or has constructed a mining installation, or has it in use;
- b. any person who, other than as a subordinate, constructs or has constructed a mining installation, or has it in use, without being the holder of a licence as referred to under a, unless he acts on the instructions of another person who holds such a licence or, if that other person does not, he was not and should not have been aware of that.
3 Liability for damage caused by the outflow of minerals rests on the person who is the operator of the mining installation at the time of the event causing the outflow. If another person becomes the operator of the mining installation after that event, liability for this damage remains with the person who was the operator at the time of that event. If the event occurs after the mining installation has been abandoned, liability rests on the person who was the last operator of the installation, unless at the time of that event more than five years had passed since the installation was abandoned in accordance with the applicable government regulations.
4 Liability for damage caused by movement of the soil rests on the person who is the operator at the time this damage becomes known. If another person becomes the operator after it has become known, liability remains with the person who was the operator at the time it became known. If this damage becomes known after the mining installation has been closed, liability rests on the person who was the last operator.
5 If liability under Article 173, 174 or 175 can also be based on the event that caused the outflow or the movement of the soil, that liability, as regards the damage caused by that outflow or movement of the soil, rests on the same person as the person on whom liability for the mining installation rests.
6 At the request of the other party, the operator shall provide all information in his possession concerning the operation, the soil structure and soil movements that is needed to assess whether his defence is well founded. The information need not be provided if there are compelling reasons for not doing so.
7 Without prejudice to Articles 5.1 and 5.2 of the Open Government Act, the information concerning the operation, the soil structure and soil movements held by public-law legal persons as referred to in Article 1 of Book 2 of the Civil Code and by their advisory bodies shall, at the request of the operator, be made available to the other party, insofar as that information is needed to assess whether the operator's defence is well founded.
Dutch text (Burgerlijk Wetboek Book 6, article 177):
1 De exploitant van een mijnbouwwerk als bedoeld in artikel 1, onderdeel n, van de Mijnbouwwet is aansprakelijk voor de schade die ontstaat door:
- a. uitstroming van delfstoffen als bedoeld in artikel 1, onderdeel a, van de Mijnbouwwet als gevolg van het niet beheersen van de ondergrondse natuurkrachten die door de aanleg of bij de exploitatie van het werk zijn ontketend;
- b. beweging van de bodem als gevolg van de aanleg of de exploitatie van dat werk.
2 In dit artikel wordt onder exploitant van een mijnbouwwerk verstaan:
- a. de houder van een vergunning als bedoeld in artikel 6 , 24b of 25 van de Mijnbouwwet , die een mijnbouwwerk aanlegt of doet aanleggen dan wel in gebruik heeft;
- b. een ieder die, anders dan als ondergeschikte, een mijnbouwwerk aanlegt of doet aanleggen dan wel in gebruik heeft zonder dat hij houder is van een vergunning als bedoeld in onderdeel a, tenzij hij in opdracht van een ander handelt die houder is van een vergunning als vorenbedoeld dan wel, indien die ander dat niet is, hij daarmee niet bekend was of behoorde te zijn.
3 Voor schade door uitstroming van delfstoffen is aansprakelijk degene die ten tijde van de gebeurtenis waardoor de uitstroming plaatsvindt, exploitant van een mijnbouwwerk is. Indien na deze gebeurtenis een ander exploitant wordt van het mijnbouwwerk, blijft de aansprakelijkheid voor deze schade rusten op degene die ten tijde van die gebeurtenis exploitant was. Indien de gebeurtenis plaatsvindt nadat het mijnbouwwerk is verlaten, rust de aansprakelijkheid op degene die de laatste exploitant van het werk was, tenzij op het tijdstip van die gebeurtenis meer dan vijf jaren waren verstreken nadat het werk was verlaten met inachtneming van de geldende overheidsvoorschriften.
4 Voor schade door beweging van de bodem is aansprakelijk degene die ten tijde van het bekend worden van deze schade exploitant is. Indien na het bekend worden een ander exploitant wordt, blijft de aansprakelijkheid rusten op degene die ten tijde van dit bekend worden exploitant was. Indien deze schade bekend wordt na sluiting van het mijnbouwwerk, rust de aansprakelijkheid op degene die de laatste exploitant was.
5 Indien op de gebeurtenis waardoor de uitstroming of de beweging van de bodem is ontstaan, tevens een aansprakelijkheid uit artikel 173 , 174 of 175 kan worden gegrond, rust die aansprakelijkheid, wat betreft de door die uitstroming of beweging van de bodem veroorzaakte schade, op dezelfde persoon als op wie de aansprakelijkheid ter zake van het mijnbouwwerk rust.
6 Op verzoek van de wederpartij verstrekt de exploitant alle informatie waarover hij beschikt ten aanzien van de exploitatie, de bodemstructuur en bodembewegingen die benodigd is om te kunnen beoordelen of zijn verweer gegrond is. Het verstrekken van informatie kan achterwege blijven indien daarvoor gewichtige redenen zijn.
7 Onverminderd de artikelen 5.1 en 5.2 van de wet open overheid staat de informatie ten aanzien van de exploitatie, de bodemstructuur en bodembewegingen waarover publiekrechtelijke rechtspersonen als bedoeld in artikel 1 van Boek 2 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek , alsmede hun adviserende instanties beschikken op verzoek van de exploitant ter beschikking van de wederpartij, voor zover die informatie benodigd is om te kunnen beoordelen of het verweer van de exploitant gegrond is.
Dutch text as in force from 16 July 2026, taken from wetten.overheid.nl, the official source of Dutch legislation. The English translation is not official; in case of doubt the Dutch text prevails.
What Does Article 6:177 Mean?
Article 6:177 of the Dutch Civil Code is one of the strict liabilities in the Code. The operator of a mining installation is liable for two kinds of damage without the injured party having to prove fault:
- damage caused by an outflow of minerals resulting from the failure to control the underground natural forces released by the construction or operation of the installation; and
- damage caused by movement of the soil resulting from the construction or operation of the installation.
The key terms, mining installation and minerals, are defined by reference to Article 1 of the Mining Act (Mijnbouwwet). The injured party still has to establish the damage and the causal link with the outflow or the soil movement.
Who Is the Liable Operator?
Paragraph 2 defines the operator. The main case is the holder of a licence under Article 6, 24b or 25 of the Mining Act who constructs the installation, has it constructed or has it in use. A person without such a licence who, other than as a subordinate, constructs or uses a mining installation is also an operator, unless that person acts on the instructions of a licence holder or did not know and should not have known that the principal held no licence.
Paragraphs 3 and 4 then fix which operator is liable when the installation changes hands or is abandoned or closed:
- Outflow of minerals: the operator at the time of the event causing the outflow remains liable, even if someone else takes over later. If the event occurs after the installation was abandoned, the last operator is liable, unless more than five years had passed since the installation was abandoned in accordance with government regulations.
- Soil movement: the operator at the time the damage becomes known is liable, and remains so after a change of operator. If the damage becomes known after closure, the last operator is liable.
How Does Article 6:177 Relate to Other Strict Liabilities?
The same event may also give rise to strict liability for defective movable things (Article 6:173), for buildings and constructions (Article 6:174) or for dangerous substances (Article 6:175). Paragraph 5 channels that liability, as far as the damage caused by the outflow or soil movement is concerned, to the same person who is liable for the mining installation. The injured party therefore does not have to identify different defendants for the same damage.
Which Defences Are Available to the Operator?
Article 6:178 of the Dutch Civil Code lists situations in which there is no liability under Articles 6:175, 6:176 and 6:177. They include damage caused by armed conflict, civil war, insurrection, civil unrest, riot or mutiny; damage caused solely by compliance with a government order or mandatory government regulation; and damage caused solely by an act or omission of a third party with the intention of causing damage.
Article 6:178 also excludes liability for damage caused by a natural event of an exceptional, unavoidable and irresistible nature, but it expressly makes an exception for the underground natural forces referred to in Article 6:177(1). The operator therefore cannot escape liability for an outflow by pointing to those forces themselves.
What Information Can the Injured Party Obtain?
Paragraphs 6 and 7 address the information gap between a mining operator and an injured party. At the request of the injured party, the operator must provide all information it has on the operation, the soil structure and soil movements that is needed to assess whether its defence is well founded, unless there are compelling reasons not to. Information held by public bodies and their advisory bodies on the same subjects is made available to the injured party at the operator's request, insofar as it is needed for that assessment, without prejudice to the Open Government Act.
What Limitation Period Applies?
For damage caused by soil movement under Article 6:177(1)(b), Article 3:310 of the Dutch Civil Code (2) provides that the claim prescribes in any event thirty years after the event that caused the damage, instead of the usual twenty. For soil movement caused by gas extraction from the Groningen field, that thirty-year period starts after the last soil movement caused by it. The general five-year period from awareness of the damage and the liable person still applies. See limitation periods under Dutch law.
Related Provisions and Guides
Related articles in this library:
- Article 6:162 of the Dutch Civil Code: Tort (unlawful act)
Further reading on dutch-law.com:
All articles: the Dutch Civil Code in English.